Efficient and sustainable recovery of bioactive compounds from cashew nut testa shell (Anacardium occidentale L.) using pressurized liquid extraction
Cashew nut processing generates large quantities of byproducts daily, such as cashew nut testa shell (CNTS), which is discarded, leading to environmental and economic issues. However, CNTS contains bioactive substances such as polyphenols and antioxidant components, with potential for applications in the food, pharmaceutical, and chemical industries. This study investigated the optimization of pressurized liquid […]
Impact of cashew cultivation on food security, sovereignty, and income diversification in Jaman North District, Ghana
Smallholder farmers in the forest-savanna transition zone of mid-Ghana have historically relied on food crop cultivation for their livelihoods. However, cashew production is rapidly gaining prominence due to a combination of climatic and non-climatic factors. This shift raises concerns about competition for resources between cashew and food crops, as dedicating productive land and inputs to […]
Carbon Sequestration Potential of Cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) Plantations Across Climatic Gradients in Togo
The current study seeks to estimate the carbon sequestration capability of a cashew plantation in Togo as a function of climate gradient. The research was conducted in the Guinean and Sudanian climatic zones, on farmers’ cashew plantations. The study was run from March to October 2023. This study was carried out in ten (10) cashew […]
Upcycling commercial nut byproducts for food, nutraceutical, and pharmaceutical applications: A comprehensive review
This article presents a comprehensive overview of upcycling commercial nut byproducts (such as Brazil nut, cashew, hazelnut, macadamia, peanut (also known as a legume), pecan, pine nut, pistachio, and walnut) for food, nutraceutical, and pharmaceutical applications. Upcycling nut byproducts, namely husk/hull, hard shell, brown skin, defatted flour/meal/cake, pine cone, cashew nut shell liquid, cashew apple, […]
Sustainable livelihoods through cashew cultivation: insights from smallholder farmers in the southern region of India
Cashew cultivation has emerged as an important agricultural activity in promoting sustainable livelihoods for smallholder farmers. The present study investigates the impacts of cashew cultivation on sustainable livelihoods of smallholder farmers in the Southern region of India, addressing a significant research gap in the understanding of how this crop affects various aspects of farmers’ lives. […]
Cashew Nut Shell Waste Derived Graphene Oxide
The particular properties of graphene oxide (GO) make it a material with great technological potential, so it is of great interest to find renewable and eco-friendly sources to satisfy its future demand sustainably. Recently, agricultural waste has been identified as a potential raw material source for producing carbonaceous materials. This study explores the potential of […]
Intercropping Systems: An Opportunity for Environment Conservation within Nut Production
Global population growth and intensive agriculture have both contributed negatively to the environment. As a result, there is increasing interest in the use of sustainable alternatives is increasing to promote better use of natural resources and create an equilibrium between agriculture and the environment. Intercropping, the simultaneous cultivation of multiple crops, aims to optimize land […]
Insights into the cashew production system in Guinea-Bissau: implications for agroecosystem sustainability
Introduction: West Africa, particularly Guinea-Bissau, heavily relies on cashew nut (Anacardium occidentale L.) production, which significantly impacts the countries’ economies. Cashew exhibits remarkable adaptability to impoverished and arid soils. Understanding producers’ socio-economic characteristics is crucial due to their potential influence on crop productivity and household income. Methods: This study aims to characterize the socio-economic, productive, […]
Cashew gum hydrogel as an alternative to minimize the effect of drought stress on soybean
The use of hydrogels helps the production of plants in drought-stress environments. Thus, this work evaluated using different hydrogels to minimize drought stress in soybean cultivation. The treatments employed two different hydrogels, one already commercialized and the other produced with cashew gum (Anacardium occidentale), five levels (0, 30, 60, 120, and 240 mg pot-1) of […]
Construction of eco-friendly multifunctional cashew nut shell oil-based waterborne polyurethane network with UV resistance, corrosion resistance, mechanical strength, and transparency
Vegetable oil-based waterborne polyurethane possesses numerous advantages, including its sustainability, environmental friendliness, and economic benefits. Nevertheless, its application is constrained by inferior mechanical properties and a low glass transition temperature. Hereon, the renewable polyols of sorbitan monooleate/cytidine were incorporated into the anionic cashew nut shell oil-based WPU network through molecular structure design. Series of CNSL-based […]
Contract farming and the adoption of sustainable farm practices: Empirical evidence from cashew farmers in Ghana
Contract farming has been shown to increase agricultural productivity and thus welfare of farmers in developing countries. However, studies that look at the potential environmental effects of contract farming remain quite scanty. This is however crucial, since contract farming may contribute to intensification in cultivation of the contracted crops, in terms of area and the […]
Dietary Fibers of Tree Nuts Differ in Composition and Distinctly Impact the Fecal Microbiota and Metabolic Outcomes In Vitro
This study aimed to evaluate and compare the effects of dietary fibers (DFs) of commercially important tree nuts (almond, cashew, hazelnut, pistachio, and walnut) on gut microbiota in vitro. Microbial compositions and short-chain fatty acids were determined using 16S rRNA sequencing and gas chromatography (GC), respectively. Neutral and acidic monosaccharides were analyzed using GC/MS and […]
Characterization of slow pyrolysis products from three different cashew wastes
A huge amount of waste is generated by the cashew processing industries. This study aims to valorise these cashew wastes generated at different levels while processing cashew nuts in factories. The feedstocks include cashew skin, cashew shell and cashew shell de-oiled cake. Slow pyrolysis of these three different cashew wastes was performed at varying temperatures […]
East Timor as an important source of cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) genetic diversity
Background: Cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) is a crop currently grown in several tropical countries because of the economic importance of cashew nuts. Despite its enormous economic worth, limited research has been conducted on the molecular diversity of cashew genetic resources. In this study, a wide comprehensive assessment of the genetic diversity of cashew trees in […]
Diversity of Legumes in the Cashew Agroforestry System in East Timor (Southeast Asia).
Cashew is an important export-oriented crop in several tropical countries, often under monocropping systems. Intercropping with legume species is promoted as a sustainable practice, enhancing agricultural productivity and providing nutritional food sources to rural communities. This study aimed to characterize the diversity of Leguminosae (or Fabaceae) in the cashew agroforestry systems of East Timor (Southeast […]
Effects of cashew nutshell ash on the thermal and sustainability properties of cement concrete.
The present study valorizes cashew nutshell ash (CNA) and uses it at 5-20 wt. % of cement for concrete production. The concrete grades of 25-40 MPa were used as mix design proportions. The thermal and mechanical properties of the concrete samples were determined on day 28 of curing. Regression models were used to predict the […]
Adsorption of brilliant green dye onto activated carbon prepared from cashew nut shell by KOH activation: Studies on equilibrium isotherm.
Activated carbon from cashew nut shell via a potassium hydroxide (KOH) at 600 °C in an N2 atmosphere and their characteristics using FT-IR, XRD, SEM with EDS, and BET analysis was investigated. The cashew nut shell activated carbon obtained by KOH activation with a CNS/KOH ratio of 1:1 at 600 °C (N2 atmosphere) for 2 h had […]
Novel combination artificial neural network models could not outperform individual models for weather-based cashew yield prediction.
Cashew is an important cash crop which is ecologically sensitive, making it vulnerable to climate change. So, the present study compares the performance of stepwise linear regression (SLR), least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO), elastic net, and artificial neural network (ANN) individually against the ANN model combined with SLR, LASSO, elastic net, and principal […]
State-led agricultural subsidies drive monoculture cultivar cashew expansion in northern Western Ghats, India.
Agricultural commodity production constitutes an important livelihood source for farmers but significantly contributes to tropical deforestation and biodiversity loss. While the socioecological effects of agricultural commodities such as palm oil, cocoa and coffee are well studied, the effects for commodities such as cashew (Anacardium occidentale) have received less attention. Global cultivated area for cashew increased […]
Expected global suitability of coffee, cashew and avocado due to climate change
Coffee, cashew and avocado are of high socio-economic importance in many tropical smallholder farming systems around the globe. As plantation crops with a long lifespan, their cultivation requires long-term planning. The evaluation of climate change impacts on their biophysical suitability is therefore essential for developing adaptation measures and selecting appropriate varieties or crops. In this […]
Expected global suitability of coffee, cashew and avocado due to climate change
Coffee, cashew and avocado are of high socio-economic importance in many tropical smallholder farming systems around the globe. As plantation crops with a long lifespan, their cultivation requires long-term planning. The evaluation of climate change impacts on their biophysical suitability is therefore essential for developing adaptation measures and selecting appropriate varieties or crops. In this […]
Development of Sustainable Chemistry in Madagascar: Example of the Valuation of CNSL and the Use of Chromones as an Attractant for Mosquitoes
This article describes a part of the results obtained from the cooperation between the University of Lyon1 (France) and the University of Antananarivo (Madagascar). It shows (among others) that useful research can be carried out in developing countries of the tropics if their social, technical, and economic conditions are taken into account. The concepts and […]
Exhaustive valorization of cashew nut shell waste as a potential bioresource material.
In this paper, we report extraction of cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL) from cashew nut shell waste (CNSW) and further use of residues for generation of activated carbon for removal of heavy metals and methylene blue (MB). Solvent extraction yielded 24.6 ± 0.4%, 38.2 ± 0.4% and 40.1 ± 0.9% for petroleum ether, hexane and […]
Films from cashew byproducts: cashew gum and bacterial cellulose from cashew apple juice.
Cashew is a major crop in several tropical countries. Its cultivation is mostly aimed to the production of cashew nuts, whereas its byproducts (including cashew tree gum and cashew apples) are underutilized. In this study, cashew tree gum (CG) has been combined to nanofibrillated bacterial cellulose (NFBC) produced from cashew apple juice, at different ratios […]
Combustion of pellets produced from the powders of coconut and cashew nut shells: Chemical, thermal and emission analyses.
Most of the energy consumed worldwide comes from non-renewable sources, such as oil derivatives, making it necessary to search for renewable, clean energy sources, with emphasis on biomass from agricultural and industrial waste. Coconut shell pellets (CSPs) and cashew nut shell pellets (CNSPs) were manufactured and subsequently subjected to chemical, thermal and exhaust gas analyses […]
Synthesis of novel chemicals from cardanol as a product of cashew nutshell processing.
The conversion of the worldwide chemical production from fossil to sustainable resources is currently one of the most urgent tasks for the chemical industry. Based on this approach cardanol, a mixture of phenols with C15-chains as substituents is produced in some countries of the tropical zone from the processing of cashew nutshells. The paper reports […]
The Applicability of Using a Protease Extracted from Cashew Fruits (Anacardium occidentale), as Possible Meat Tenderizer: An Experimental Design Approach.
Meat tenderness is one of the most important organoleptic properties in determining consumer acceptance in meat product marketability. Therefore, an effective meat tenderization method is sought after by exploring plant-derived proteolytic enzymes as meat tenderizer. In this study, a novel protease from Cashew was identified as a new alternative halal meat tenderizer. The extraction of […]
Mechanistic insights into acetaminophen removal on cashew nut shell biomass-derived activated carbons.
Activated carbons prepared from cashew nut shells by chemical activation with phosphoric acid were tested for the removal of acetaminophen. It was found that an increase in carbonization temperature resulted in increased pore volume and decreased amount of surface functional groups. Potentiometric titration analysis indicated that the majority of surface groups on carbons are acidic. […]
Application of FTIR-ATR spectroscopy to confirm the microwave assisted synthesis and curing of Cashew nut shell liquid derived nanostructured materials.
The present work reports the development of nanostructured material from Cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL, an agro byproduct of cashew industry, 87% cardanol) to evaluate their potential in antibacterial applications as a substitute of petroleum feedstock via an energy-efficient method. The nanostructured material was synthesized by coordination polymerization reaction of cardanol and divalent Mn(II) salt […]
Application of multivariate optimization for the selective extraction of phenolic compounds in cashew nuts (Anacardium occidentale L.).
An extraction method based on a multivariate analytical approach was developed for enhancement of the phenolic compounds in cashew nut extracts. The different extractor solvents (acetone, water, ethanol, and methanol) and their binary, ternary, and quaternary combinations were evaluated using a simplex-centroid design and surface response methodology. The special cubic model exhibits no lack of fit and […]
Nanomaterials Based on Fe3O4 and Phthalocyanines Derived from Cashew Nut Shell Liquid.
In this work we report the synthesis of new hybrid nanomaterials in the core/shell/shell morphology, consisting of a magnetite core (Fe3O4) and two consecutive layers of oleic acid (OA) and phthalocyanine molecules, the latter derived from cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL). The synthesis of Fe3O4 nanoparticle was performed via co-precipitation procedure, followed by the nanoparticle coating with OA […]
Anacardium Plants: Chemical, Nutritional Composition and Biotechnological Applications.
Anacardium plants are native to the American tropical regions, and Anacardium occidentale L. (cashew tree) is the most recognized species of the genus. These species contain rich secondary metabolites in their leaf and shoot powder, fruits and other parts that have shown diverse applications. This review describes the habitat and cultivation of Anacardium species, phytochemical and nutritional composition, and their industrial food […]
Valorisation of Cashew Nut Shell Liquid Phenolics in the Synthesis of UV Absorbers.
With current concerns over the use of fossil resources for chemical synthesis of functional molecules and the effect of current UV absorbers in sunscreens have on the ecosystem, we describe a xylochemical synthesis of different classes of aromatic UV absorbers utilizing cashew nut shell liquid as a non‐edible bio‐renewable carbon source. Hydroxybenzophenones, xanthones, triazines, and […]
A highly sensitive GC‐MS method for simultaneous determination of Anacardic Acids in Cashew (Anacardium occidentale) Nut Shell oil in presence of other phenolic lipid derivatives.
The commercial value of Cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL) has become a corner stone in agro waste industry as it is the by-product of the cashew industry which has 1/8 inch thickness of soft honey comb structure. CNSL contains phenolic lipids with aliphatic chains such as anacardic acid, cardanol, cardol, and methyl cardol, and their derivatives. The developed GC/MS […]
Chemical Valorization of Cashew Nut Shell Waste.
Cashew nut shells are agro-wastes produced from cashew nut processing factories and contain about 30-35 wt% oil called cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL). This liquid is a mixture of four potential compounds, namely anacardic acid, cardanol, cardol and 2-methyl cardol. Various reactions have been developed to convert the components of cashew nut shell liquid into industrially important chemicals, and these materials are […]
In vitro bioaccessibility of copper, iron, zinc and antioxidant compounds of whole cashew apple juice and cashew apple fibre (Anacardium occidentale L.) following simulated gastro-intestinal digestion
Considering the lack of research studies about nutrients’ bioaccessibility in cashew apple, in this study the whole cashew apple juice and the cashew apple fibre were submitted to simulated in vitro gastrointestinal digestion. The samples were analysed before and after digestion and had their copper, iron, zinc, ascorbic acid, total extractable phenols and total antioxidant […]
Development of a Buccal tablets for Curcumin using Anacardium occidentale Gum
The objective of the present investigation was to develop uni-directional, bilayered, buccoadhesive tablets of curcumin using a natural buccoadhesive polymer cashew nut tree gum along with ethyl cellulose as an impermeable backing layer. A batch prepared with 20% polymer concentration, 0.1% penetration enhancer, 40 mg backing layer, compressed at 2 tons/cm2 for 10 sec was […]
Defatted cashew nut shell starch as renewable polymeric material: Isolation and characterization
Starch attracts public attention as a replacement of fossil fuel in polymer industries because it is renewable; biodegradable and nontoxic. In this study; the isolation of starch from defatted cashew nut shell (CNS) using wet milling was reported. A product that contains 85.01 wt.% starch was recovered from the defatted CNS. Various analyses were performed […]